Molecular Recognition: For the past several years, Subramaniam has been associated with developing novel methods to study molecular recognition. His group developed what is arguably the fastest method for computing accurately electrostatic potentials in proteins. This has been applied to numerous systems both in his laboratory and those of other colleagues. In a study of the antibody proteins, key molecules of the immune system, he has computed quantitatively accurate association rate constants for antibody-protein complexes. More recently, his laboratory has been one of a few laboratories to study pH dependent properties of proteins and protein complexes. This has large implications for protein folding and association.